MAPHUNZIRO A ZA CHIKHULUPILIRO A ANA

Maphunziro azachikhulupiliro pa ana ndi umodzi mwamitu yofunikira kwambiri pamaphunziro potengera zimene zikupezeka mkati mwa maphunziro, chifukwa ndi umene umakhazikitsa makhalidwe abwino, ndi chikhulupiliro chabwino kuchokera mkati mweni mweni mwanzeru ndi mumtima, komanso zimathandizira kukuongolera kuzikhalidwe zapamwamba ndikuzipangitsa kuti zikhalidwe zimenezo zigwire ntchito pa zichitochito zake zonse. Pa msinkhu umenewu ndi pamene mwana amakonza m’mene dzikoli lizionekera, kuchokera mu zimenezi iye amakonza zikhalidwe ndi zichitochito ndi upangiliwake, malinga ndi m’mene zakhazikikira pa iye ndi mmenenso munthuyu angasangalalire pa dziko lino, komanso ndi m’mene angakapambanire ku umoyo wosatha .Poona kuti uwu ndi udindo wamakolo, quruan inachemelera zimenezi ngati m’mene Allah akunenera kuti: “ Mulungu akukulamulani za ana anu” (Surat An Nisa: 11).
komanso mtumiki anakamba mwa tchutchutchu kunena kuti: “Mwana wina aliyense akamabadwa amabadwa ali ndi chikhulupiliro choti Mulungu ndi mmodzi koma makolo ake ndi amene amamupangitsa kukhala muyuda, mkirisitu kapenanso wopembedza moto” (Bukhar – 1359).

Hadith imeneyi ikulozera zithu zingapo izi:

Chikhulupiliro ndi chibadwa cha munthu wina aliyense, yemwe angasiye chikhulupilirochi ndiye kuti wakhota kamba kosokonezedwa ndi munthu wina.
Yafotokozanso hadithyi udindo wa ukulu wamakolo pophunzitsa ana awo.
Ikusonyezanso za zotsatira za chilengedwe kapena nyengo pa maphunziro (25).

Ena mwa ma ubwino a Allah pa munthu ndi oti anatsegula mtima wa mwana aliyense kumayambiliro kuti apeze chikhulupiliro mopanda kufuna umboni (26), pa chifukwa chimenechi, makolo akukakamizidwa kuti ateteze udindo wawo umenewu mwaubwino kwambiri ndi kuyeretsa chibadwa cha ana chimenechi, ndikuti awalere anawo pachipembedzo choona chomwe chamangidwa ndi maumboni ochokera mu quruan ndi chiphunzitso cha mtumiki (swa)(sunnah), ndipo makolo asadalire nyengo yokha kuti iphunzitse ana awo yomwe imatenga matanthauzo ake kuchokera mu zomwe zili mbali mwake, chisilam chongoyendera kutsatira sichingamulepheretse munthu kusochera – pa nthawi ino imene dziko lapansi latseguka ndikufewetsedwa komanso kufupikitsidwa kwa dzikoli – komanso sichingathetse kusungunuka kwa umunthu.

Ndithu mtima wa mwana ndiwabwino bwino ulingati mwala wa mtengo wapatali womwe siunalembedwepo kapena kujambulidwa kalikonse, umalora kulembapo china chili chonse akaphunzitsidwa ndi kuzoloweretsedwa ndipo amakulira muchimenecho ndipo amasangalala padziko lapansi komanso akasangalala ku umoyo wosatha, ndipo makolo ndi aphunzitsi ake amapeza nawo malipiro, ndipo akazoloweretsedwa zoipa nalekeleredwa ngati zinyama amakhala watsoka ndi woonongeka ndipo machimo ake amapeza nawo yemwe amamuyang’anira iye ndi kumutsogolera (27), chifukwa kungomulera kwa pamwamba ndikumene kumachitika ali wamg’ono akangosiyidwa kuti aziyenda pa chibadwa pake naphunzitsidwa zimenezo, zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta (kumubweza) (28).

Mwana amene amakulira mu banja lomwe chikhulupiliro chake chili cholimba ndi logwiritsa ntchito maphunziro achipembedzo, ana amatsatira makolo awo pa china chili chonse, komanso amakonza matanthaunzo ake kudzera pamene akuonera kwa makolo ake, tikupeza kuti pali anthu omwe amapereka matanthauzo a chipembedzo molakwika, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana pa ana, pomwe ana akamakula napeza makolo awo kuti samagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro achipembedzo; ndithu ndithu zimakhala zovuta kuti iye akopeke kuchipembedzoku chifukwa iye kuumwana wake sadaone chizindikiro cha chipembedzo, chifukwa amakhala alibe kulondoleledwa kuli konse kwa chipembedzo (29).

KUKULA MWACHIPEMBEDZO KWA ANA

Ndithu chipembezo pa mwana chimayamba ndi ganizo limodzi – ganizo lake la kupezeka kwa Allah-, kenako amayamba kuonekera m’maganizo ena- monga ganizo la kulenga kapena lokudza umoyo umene uli nkudza, kapena Angelo, kapena ziwanda (asatana)-, zizindikiro zakukula mwa chipembedzo mwa mwana zimaonekera mu zinthu zinayi izi:

Practical (ntchito): mwana amawapatsa matanthauzo achipembezochithuzithuzi chokhuzika, akamakula amaonjezera kuwalitsa chimenechi, komanso amachidziwitsitsa choona cheni cheni, ndipo amachiyika m’malo ake akakula.
Kupereka chithunzithunzi: mwana amatsatira makhalidwe a akulu akulu m’mene akuchitira pamapemphero (ibadah) awo ndi mapepho awo (dua) popanda kufufuzamatanthauzo ake kapena kufunikira kwake pa uzimu, ndiye ndizofunikira kuti mphunzitsi apindule kuchokera mukukhota kwa ana pa msinkhu umenewu m’mene angadzoloweretsere anawo chikhalidwe komanso nsanamira za chikhulupiliro ndi zotsatira pa zimenezo.
Kufuna kukhala wofunikira (utilitarian): mwana akamaona chisangalalo cha makolo ake ndi mphunzitsi wake ndi amene amuzungulira pamene iye akupanga ena mwa mapemphero, mwanayu amatha kupanga zimenezi ndicholinga choti apeze chikondi cha anthu amenewa, komanso ngati njira yopezera mapindu ena ake, kapena pofuna kutchinga chilango chimene chimafuna chimupeze.
Kukhala membala: mwana amakondera chipembedzo chake kuchokera pansi pa mtima molimbikitsidwa ndi zofuna za chibadwa chake chimene chinadzalidwa mu mtima wake, pa chifukwa chimenechi iye amasangalatsidwa kuti azitchedwa msilamu wochokera mwa asilamu, ndipo chizindikiro chapamwamba choti ndiwe msilamu ndiko kuchikonda chithu chifukwa cha Allah (30).

Kuchokera pa zimene zadutsazi tikupeza kufunikira kokhazikika pa maphunziro a zachikhulupiliro, komanso kufunikira kwa makolo ndi aphunzitsi kuti alimbikire kwambiri kuwayandikitsira ana chikhulupiliro – maka maka nyengo ino imene yachuluka mayesero, zosokoneza ndi zosewera sewera (zibwana) ndi njira zake za zimenezo-, zina mwa zofunikira kwambiri makolo kuti awapangire ana awo ndi izi:

Choyamba: kumupangitsa mwanayo kuti achimvetse chibadwa chake (choti Allah ndi mmodzi) mu mtima mwa mwanayo, zomwe zingachitike kudzera pomuphunzitsa kalima tauhid (laa ilaaha illallah).

Chachiwiri: kumuphunzitsa mwana chikhulupiliro pomupatsa msichi zonse, zomwe zimachitika podzala chikondi mwa mwanayo chomukonda Allah ndi mtumiki wake ndi kumamuphunzitsa buku lolemekezeka la Quru’an (31).

Kupezeka kwachibadwa chachipembedzo mu mtima mwa mwanayo zimathandiza makolo pa ntchito yawo yophunzitsa mwanayo, chibadwa chimenechi chimasonyeza kuti mwa iye muli kambeu kachipembedzo, ndiye kambeu kameneka monga mbeu zina, sikamalola kusinthidwa koma kamangolola kukaongolera ndi kukapititsa patsogolo. Ndipo chibadwa chimenechi chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zosiyanasiyana posakhala njira yomwe chinalengedwera, pomwe chisilamu chimayitanira kuti chibadwa chimenechi chiongoleledwe kunjira yomwe chinalengedwera (32).
Mwazithu zofunikira kwambiri kuti mwana akule nazo; ndi nsanamira zachikhulupiliro zokwana zisanu ndi imodzi, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri mu nsanamira zimenezi ndi kukhulupilira mwa Allah; ndipo kumukonda Allah ndicho chotsatira chakupezeka kwa nsichi za chikhulupiliro zinazo, ndipo Allah anakupanga kumukonda iye kukhala chithu chimene chimamanga kwambiri chikhulupiliro pa iye komanso ndichimene chimasonyeza kugonjera kwa munthu mwa iye ( Al-lah) zimene zikutanthauza kuti kumukonda kwambiri ndikofunika pomumvera komanso podana ndi adani ake (Allah) ndipo zikukakamizidwa kuti chimenechi chipose chokondedwa chilichonse cha dziko lapansi, Allah akunena kuti:“Nena iwe mtumiki kuti: ngati makolo anu, ana anu , akazi anu, ndi anansi anu ndi chuma chimene mwachipata, ndi malonda anu amene mukuopa kuti angaonongeke, ndi nyumba zanu zimene mukuzikonda, (ngati zimenezi zili) zokondeka kwambiri kwa inu kuposa Mulungu ndi mtumiki wake ndikuchita Jihad pa njira Allah yo, choncho dikirani kufikira Mulungu adzabweretse lamulo lake (lokukhaulitsani),Ndipo Mulungu satsogolera ( sawaongola) anthu otuluka mchilamulo” (Surat Taubah: 24)

Ndipo anayipanga mbiri yoyambirira ya akapolo omwe iye (Allah) amawakonda yoti iwo amamukondanso Allah; Allah akulankhula mu buku lake lolemekezeka kunena kuti “Eh, inu amene mwakhulupilira! Amene mwa inu angasiye chipembedzo chake, ndiye kuti posachedwa Mulungu adzabweretsa anthuena omwe iye awakonda, nawonso amukonda; odzichepetsa kwa asilamu anzawo; amphamvu kwaosakhulupilira; omenyera nkhondo chipembedzo cha Mulungu, saopa kudzudzula kwa odzudzula,umenewu ndi ubwino wa Mulungu; amaupereka Kwa amenewawafuna, ndipo Mulungu ndiye mataya; ngodziwa kwambiri” (Surat Al Maidah: 54).

Anafotokozanso kuti tauhid yabwino ndi yokhayo imene imapatula Allah pompatsa chikondi chosagawika Allah akunena kuti “Pali ena mwa anthu amene akudzipangira milungu namaifananiza ndi Mulungu, amaikonda monga momwe amamkondera Mulungu, Koma Asilamu amene akhulupilira amakonda Mulungu koposa”. (Surat Al baqarah: 165).

Kupanga ibada (mapemphero) imene Mulungu anatilengera kumeneko ndiko kumukonda Allah kwa pamwamba, ndipo phata la tauhid ndiko kuyeretsa chikondi chako kwa Mulungu yekha,limenelo ndiye phata lopembedza, imeneyo ndiye ibada yeni yeni, siyingakwanire tauhid mwa kapolo mpaka chitakwanila chikondi chake pa Allah komanso chipose zokondeka zathu zonse, moti zonse zimene kapolo amazikonda zizitsatira chikondi chimenechi, chomwe chidzapereke chipambano kwa iye (33).

Ndiye chikondi chimenechi chomwe chamangidwandi chikhulupiliro ndiyo njira yaikulu yokonzera khalidwe la ana ndikuwakhazikitsa pachipembedzo cha chisilamu ndikumvera Allah ndi mtumiki wake, yemwe mu mtima mwake mwadzalidwa ndi chikondi cha Allah ndi mtumiki wake amakhala woongoka pa chikhalidwe ndi mapemphero ake, ngakhale atakhota pa nkhani zina ndi maganizo ena, ngakhaleso aziiwala; chikondi chimene chili mwaiye chidzam’bwezeretsa munjira yoonngoka – muchifuniro cha Mulungu – (34) chifukwa chakuti chikondi chimakhala ndi mphamvu za mkati osati zakunja zokha ayi.

Ndithu masomphenya omwe chikhulupiliro cha chisilam chimapereka kuzolengedwa, ndi opambana chifukwa amagwirizana ndi chibadwa cha munthu, komanso zimagwirizana ndi nzeru zolongosoka ndipo sizimakhulana ayi (35). Komanso ili ndi kupambana kumene sikumapezeka mu zikhulupiliro zina chifukwa muli kukwanila kwa kasanjidwe ka nzeru, chikhulupiliro, miyambo ndi malamulo, zili choncho chifukwa chakuti iyo ndi ndondomeko ya kaganizilidwe ndi chikhulupiliro,ndipoiyo imayika tanthauzo la maziko adziko ndi chiyambi cha dziko ndi mathero ake ndi zopezeka mkati mwakemo ndi za mtsogolo, imatanthauziranso momveka bwino chiyambi cha moyo wa munthu ndi mathero ake, kenako cholinga chomwe dziko linalengedwera, ndi cholinga chomwe munthu analengedwera kuti akwanilitse, izi zimathandiza kuyankha mafunso amunthu okhudza chilengedwe omwe ali ofunika kwaiye kufunsa chifukwa chachibadwa chanzeru zake, chifukwa munthu sangakwanitse kupeza mpumulo wa bwino akapanda kupeza mayankho okwanila ndi ogwira mtima amafunso amenewa, kupanda kutero amasowa mtengo wogwira nthawi zonse, chifukwa amakhala asanapeze tanthauzo la umoyo umenewu (36).

ZIPATSO ZA MAPHUNZIRO AZA CHIKHULUPILIRO

Pali mapindu angapo omwe mphunzitsi amapeza akamaphunzitsa maphunziro a zachikhulupiliro, ena mwa iwo ndi awa:

Choyamba: Amatengedwa kuti ndi woyambilira ndiwamachawi popanga zinthu zabwino; iye amafufuza khomo lililonse lomwe lingamuyandikitse kuchisangalalo ndi chifundo cha Mulungu.
Chachiwiri: Kulimbitsa mkati mwa munthuyu; chikhulupiliro chenichenindichimene chimakonza khalidwe la munthu.
Chachitatu: Kusalabadira zamoyo wadziko lapansi; mtima wake suyezamira za dziko lapansi koti mpakana gwero lazofuna zake ndizochita zake kukhala kufuna kupeza za dziko la pansi ayi.
Chachinayi; Kupeza chilimbikitso chochokera kwa Allah; chifukwa chakuti Allah amayang’anira zichitochito za kapolo wake yemwe ali wokhulupilira zomwe zimakwanilitsa pa iye maubwino eni eni ndikumamubweretsera iye chisangalalo mu umoyo uno ndi womwe uli nkudza.
Chachisanu: Kukhala ndi chikhumbokhumbo mwa Mulungu; chikhulupiliro chikamaonjezereka, kapolo amaonjezereka kusakaikira mwa Mulungu ndi khumbo khumbo lake mwaiye ndikutalikirana ndizolengedwa.
Chachisanundichimodzi: Kusaonekera kwa zoipa zake ndikuchepa kwa zolakwika pakati pa anzake; chikhulupiliro chikamaonjezereka m’mitima zotsatira za maganizo wamba sizimapezeka mwa iye ndipo khumbokhumbo lake lokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi apamwamba limakhala la mphamvu.
Chachisanundichiwiri: Kukhala wothandiza anthu; munthu wokhulupilira wamphamvu amapanga zodzithandiza yekha ndikuthandizanso omwe amuzungulira.
Chachisanu ndi chitatu: Kukhala ndi mtendere wa mu mtima; kusakaikira Mulungu kokhala ndi chikhulupiliro kukakhazikika mu mtima wa kapolo, mwa iye mumatuluka chiopsezo chomwe chimapereka mantha kwa anthu(37) (anthu amamuopa ndi kumupatsa ulemu).

Zomwe zimaMAnGA MAPHUNZIRO AZACHIKHULUPILIRO

Ndithu zikufunika makolo awaphunzitse ana awo zinthu zomwe zingalimbitse chikhulupiliro chawo, ndi kukhonza machitidwe ndi zikhalidwe zawo, ndikukulitsa kudzimva kwawo kuti iwo ndi mmodzi wa m’bado uno (ummah uno)wa Muhammad, ndiye zoyambilira zomwe zikubwera pansi pa tanthauzo limeneli ndi izi:

Kuwaphunzitsa anawo nsanamira zisanu ndi imodzi za chikhulupiliro, ndichidule cha chikhulupiliro molingana ndi malamulo achisilamu (Sharia) mogwirizana ndi chibadwa cha munthu, komanso kupewa kumangowalakatulitsa chabe, zomwe zimachotsa uzimu wa chikhulipiliro,koma ayetsetse kupanga izi munjira ya zichitochito (practical) yomwe ingadzutse mitima ndi kugwedeza ubongo, ndikukonza chikhalidwe.
Kuwaphunzitsa ana zomukonda mtumiki (saw) ndi akubanja lake la mtumiki, azikazi ake ndi ophunzira ake (maswahaba ake) onse popanda kupyola muyezo pa iwo kapena kuwapondereza.
Kuwaphunzitsa anawo kuti azilemekeza chipembedzo ndi zizindikiro zake (za chipembedzo), kuwachenjeza kutiasamazipeputse komanso asiye kusadzilabadira(38).
Kuwaphunzitsa kuti chikhulupiliro chokakamiza sichimakhala chokwanila pokha pokha pakhale ntchito zabwino zimene zili zopitilira ndi kumvera malamulo a Mulungu komanso adziwe kuti chikhulupiriro chimapunguka chifukwa chonyozera malamulo a Mulungu, ndipo maphunziro azachikhulupiliro oona amakhala ofunikira kwambiri popereka zipatso zabwino pachikhalidwe,zichito chito ndi mapembedzedwe (39).
Kudzala chikhulupiliro cha tsiku lachiweruzo m’mitima mwawo ndikulilemekeza tsikulo, ndikulumikiza zatsikulo ndi ntchito zomwe azipanga kapolo padziko lapansi, kwa yemwe angagwire ntchito ya bwino ndiye kuti adzapeza Jannah, ndipo yemwe angagwire ntchito yoyipa ndiye kuti akalowa kumoto wa malawi.
Kutsindika kuti Allah amamuyang’anira kapolo wake, ndikuti iye amawamva ndikuwaona iwo, palibe chimene chimabisika kwa iye (Allah) mu zichitochito zawo.
Kuzamitsa kudzimva kwake munthuyo kuti ali pachoonadi, zimenezi zimapangitsa iye kugwiritsitsa chipembedzo chake mwamphamvu ndi mwa ulemelero wake (40).

NJIRAZAMAPHUNZIRO zODZALirA CHIKHULUPILIRO

Njira zimenezi tingazigawe m’magawo awiri, gawo loyamba lokalekeza nthawi yotha msinkhu (41), ndipogawo lachiwiri ndi lapambuyo pakutha msinkhu.

Ndiye zina mwa zinthu zimene zimathandiza kudzera mu chikhulupiliro asanafike pokutha msinkhu ndi izi:

Kumupangitsa kuti aloweze ena mwa ma sura ochokera mubuku lolemekezeka la Quru’an, ndikupangitsa kuti amvetse kuti amenewo ndi mau a Mulungu wapamwamba, ndipo masurah oyambirira kuti awadziwe ndi masura monga surat Al fatiha, Ikhlasi, falaq ndi surat Annas, ndizotheka kumupanga kuti aloweze ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zomwe mukupezamo zomwe mumafuna kumuphunzitsa mwanayo makamaka matanthauzo achikhulupiliro cholondola (43).
(Makolo) azikonda kutchula dzina la Mulungu pa mwanayopakachitika chomwe amachikonda kapena chomusangalatsa, ndipo zikufunika kuti pomuchula Mulungu asamalumikize ndi ukali wa Mulungu ndi zilango zake panthawi imene mwanayu ali wang’ono, asamachulutse kukamba za ukali wa Mulungu ndi zilango zake ndi moto wake.
Kumuongolera mwana kuti adziwe kukongola kumene kuli mchilengedwe, ndi mphamvu ndi mgwirizano wake (wachilengedwe), ndi cholinga choti adziwe ukulu wa mlengi ndi kuthekera kwake, komanso azimukonda Mulungu; chifukwa Mulungu amamukonda iye ndikumufewetsera chilengedwe.
Kumphunzitsa mwana miyambo yakapangidwe kake ka zinthu, ndikumuzoloweretsa kukhala wachifundo komanso wothandizana ndi azinzake ndi miyambo yakalankhulidwe ndi kamvedwe, ndi kudzala mwaiye zipatso za chisilamu kudzera pakumusonyeza anthu abwino, zinthu zomwe zingapangitse kukhala ndi moyo wodzadzidwa ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, ndikumatengera zinthu za bwino kuchokera kwa anthu omwe amuzungulira (44).

Pomwe mwana uja wakula timaonjezera njira zina zomwe mkati mwake muli kulingalira ndi kuganizira; zina mwaizo ndi izi:

Kumuphunzitsa mwana za kukula kwa dzikoli ndi luso komanso ukadaulo womwe Mulungu anaonetsa pakalengedwe ka dziko limeneli; ndicholinga choti mwanayo azimukuza Mulungu ndi kumulemekeza ngati m’mene Mulungu akunenera kuti: “Kameneko ndi kakonzedwe ka luso ka Mulungu kamene adakonzera chinthu chilichonse mwa ukadaulo. Ndithu Mulungu akudziwa zonse zimene mukuchita”. (Surat An-Naml: 88).
Kumukumbutsa zolinga za Allah pa zichitochito zake, ndizolengedwa zake; ndicholinga choti mwanayo amukonde Allah ndi kumutamanda, komanso ndi cholinga chimene Mulungu analengera usiku ndi usana, kenakonso dzuwa ndi mwezi, komanso chimene analengera ziwalo zimene zimatidziwitsa zochitika (sense organs) monga ngati : makutu, maso, lilime, ndi zina zotero, Mulungu akulankhula mu Quru’an kunena kuti “Kodi salingalira mwa iwo okha (nkuona kuti) Mulungu sadalenge thambo ndi nthaka ndi zapakati pake , koma mwachilungamo” (Surat Ar Rum: 8).
kugwiritsa ntchito mipata imene yapezeka pomuongolera mwanayo kudzera muzochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku mwanzeru kuti azikonda zabwino ndi kutalikirana ndi zoipa, mwachisanzo: akadwala timuuze kuti azidalira mwa Mulungu, timuphunzitse madua, komanso kumuganizira Mulungu zabwino, ndikufuna machilitso ovomerezeka (Ruqyah), tikampatsa chipatso kapena sweet yomwe waifuna timpemphe kuti athokoze mtendere umenewo ndikumuuza kuti zimenezi zachokera kwa Mulungu, komanso apewe makolo kumuphunzitsa mwanayo matanthauzo a zachikhulupiliro munyengo ya zopweteka makamaka kumbali ya mwanayo, chifukwa iye sakhala ndi kuthekera komvetsa kokwanira kuti asiyanitse (45).
Pakufunika kuti pagwirike ntchito yowadzoloweretsera ana aja zikhalidwe za chisilamu zomwe tikufuna kukwanilitsa, choncho mphunzitsi akufunika azionetsa chikhalidwe chabwino kuti anthu azitengera, ndithu kulumikiza chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo pa zichitochito zathu zimapangitsa kuti kuphunzitsa kwathu kukhale koona osati komangolongosola kokha ayi (46), ndipo pakufunika kugwiritsa ntchito tinkhani tomwe tili ndi phindu mkati mwake ndi cholinga chowapatsa ana zinthu zofunikira, ndikutalikirana ndi nkhani zosafunikira, ndiye pafunikira kubweretsa kankhaniko mu njira yafanizo (Drama) komanso mwachikoka, komanso osaiwala kuonetsa njira ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zikupezeka mu nkhanimo, komanso kudzera mutinyimbo, ndizothekanso kudzala chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndizothekanso kuphunzitsa mwana kuti amudziwe mtumiki (saw) kudzera pakumuphunzitsa mbiri ya mtumikiyo; ndicholinga choti azimukonda mtumikiyo ndi kumumvera makamaka zokhudza umwana wakewo, ndi m’mene amakhalira ( mtumikiyo) ndi ana ndi kufewa kwa mtima wake kwa anawo, ndikumufotokozera kaonekedwe kake, ndikumatchula zikhalidwe zake zapamwamba komanso ndikuwafotokozera nkhani za ophunzira amtumiki (maswahaba) ndi azikazi a mtumiki ndi akubanja lake – Mulungu awasangalalire onsewo-.
Kukhala pakati kati pamene ukuwaphunzitsa ana chipembedzo, ndipo osawasenzetsa zomwe sangakwanitse, ndipo tisaiwale kuti masewero ndi macheza ndi zimene mwana amazikondetsetsa kwambiri, choncho tisamusenzetse zosephana ndi msinkhu wake komanso nzeru zake, monga kumuchulukitsira maudindo ndi kumuletsa kusewera, zimenezi zimamumana mwana uja zofuna zaumwana wake zachibadwa; chifukwa kupyola muyezo ndi kuchulukitsa kudzudzula kumabweretsa zotsatira zoipa komanso kudzimva uchimo, kawiri kawirizimenezi zimachitika pa mwana woyamba; chifukwa makolo ena amalimbikira kuti ampange mwana wakeyo kukhala chitsanzo chokwanira.
Ndizofunika kuti mwana asiyidwe popanda kumulowelera akulu akulu kwa nthawi yayitali, koma kungomukonzera zichito chito (activities) zomwe zingapatse kuthekera kozitulukira zinthu mwa iye yekha malinga ndikuthekera kwake ndikuidziwitsitsa nyengo yomwe yamuzungulira, mu izi muli kumeretsa ukatswiri ndi chikondi chokonda kuwerenga pa mwanayo.
Ndithu kumpatsa mwana chilimbikitso kumabweretsa ubwino pa iye. Ndipo zimapangitsa mwanayo kugwira ntchito molimbika popanga zinthu zofunikira, zikakhala kuti kukonza ndi kuongolera khalidwe la mwana zikuchitika chifukwa cha chikondi komanso kufunafuna malipiliro kwa Mulungu; zimapangitsa kuti mwanayo apeze chikhalidwe chabwino munjira ya pamwamba, ndipo ndizofunika kumuthandiza mwanayo kuti aphunzire zomwe zili zoyenera kwa iye, choncho amadziwa zoyenera kuti iye achitilidwe komanso kuwachitira ena, zoyenera kuchita ndizosayenera kuchita , akumva ulemero ndi udindo wake, molumikizana ndi chisamaliro (control) chabwino ndipo tipewe kupereka maumboni (47).
Kudzala mu mtima wa mwana kulemekeza buku lolemekezeka la Quru’an, kuti azidziwa kupatulika kwa quru’an ndikugwiritsa malamulo ake, pogwiritsa nchito njira yofewa komanso yachikoka, moti azidziwa mwanayo kuti ngati akuwerenga bwino buku lolemekezeka azakhala mu mlingo (level) umodzi ndi angelo oyera, komanso azoloweretsedwe kukhala ndi chidwi pogwiritsa ntchito miyambo ya kawerengedwe ka Quru’an- monga kupanga bisimillah kapena audhubillah, kuyilemekeza Quru’an ndikumayimvetsa bwino-, komanso timuzoloweretse mwana kumvera ndime zamu Quru’an; chifukwa zimenezo zimabweretsa kuthekera koyankhula chiyankhulo cha chiarabu (Arabic) ndipo zimamulimbikitsa kuwerenga, ndipo ndizotheka kumuphunzitsa ena mwa matanthaunzo amu Quru’an omwe ali ndi matanthauzo achikhulupiliro kuchokera mumasurah omwe.
analoweza monga surat Al fatiha, Ikhlasi, Al falaq ndi Annas, komanso kuchulukitsa tinkhani tamu Quru’an yolemekezeka mwachidule, momveka ndi mobwereza bwerezakomanso mukafotokozedwe kosiyana siyani (48).
Ndizothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya mafunso ndi mayankho, tiikirenso chidwi kuti funsolo lizikhala ndi uthenga womwe tikufuna kufikitsawo, ndipo yankho likhale ndi mau achidule kwambir,oyenera ndi msinkhu wamwanayo ndikumva kwake, izi zimathandiza mwanayo kupeza zikhulupiriro (values) ndi zikhalidwe zabwino ndikusintha zichitochito zake kupititsa ku ubwino.
Nzotheka kuphunzitsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya kupenta ndi kukongoletsa, chithuzi chomwe tikufuna kuchikongoletsacho chikhale ndi matanthauzo achikhulupiliro chomasithasintha nthawi ndi nthawi, nzothekanso kuphunzitsa pogwiritsa ntchito mipikisano ya mitundu yosiyana siyana, koma ndibwino kuti mipikisanoyo izikhala yoyenda yenda, chifukwa mwana amakonda mipikisano yoteroyo komanso amatenga nawo mbali (49).
Tiwafotokozere anawo ena mwa ma hadith achikhulupiliro, kapena magawo ena amahadith wo, omwe akuyenera ndi kaganizilidwe kawo mwachidule mowapangitsa kuti achikonde pogwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zachidule zomwe angathe kuzimvetsa malinga ndi nzeru zawo (50),ndizothekanso kumuphunzitsa mwana mobwereza bwereza ziganizo zomwe zingameretse chikhulupiliro; kuti zikhazikike mwa iye ndikuti azigwiritsa ntchito pa iye yekha , monga; chikachitika chinthu anene kuti “chachitikachi chachitika muchikonzero cha Mulungu, ndipo Allah zimene wafuna amapanga”, “yedzamila mwa Mulungu”, “ Mulungu ndi wakutha chilichonse”,ndi ena otero.
Nzothekanso mothandizidwa ndi makolo kapena mphunzitsi
mwana kukongoletsakalasi yake ndi chipinda chake chogona pogwiritsa ntchito mau achikhulupiliro –monga “ine ndine msilamu”, “ine ndi makonda mbuye wanga Mulungu”, “msanamira za chikhulupiliro “-, izi ndi njira zophunzitsira zomwe zimakhazikika mu nzeru zake makamaka akamazionaona (51).
Timuphunzitse mwana kuti mavuto amamupeza wina aliyense; ndikuti anthu onse apadziko pano Mulungu amawayesa ndi mayesero amitundu yosiyana siyana, ndipo timuphunzitse kuti ndithu Mulungu wapamwamba mwamba samapanga chithu chilichonse pokha pokha ndi cholinga chabwino ndi chapamwamba, ndiponso tidzale mwa iyeyo chikhulupiliro choti yemwe amabweretsa zabwino ndikutchinga zopweteka ndi Mulungu, ndipo chifundo chake chimaposa mkwiyo wake, komanso timufotokozere kuti chipulumutso nthawi zonse chimabwera pambuyo pa mavuto, ichi ndi chizolowezi cha Mulungu chokhazikika, ndikuti tikulitse mwa mwanayo kumuganizira Mulungu zabwino zokha zokha; ndithu zimenezi pazokha ndi mapemphero (ibada), ndipo tikhazikitse mwaiye kuti zomwe amatisankhira Mulungu ndi zabwino kwambiri kuposa zomwe timadzisankhira tokha, ndipo munthu amangofunika kumangopilira, ndikupanga zinthu zomwe zili zovomerezeka pachipembedzo pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto amenewa, komanso azisangalatsidwa ndi chikonzero cha Mulungu nthawi zonse, ndikuyembekezera malipiro kwa Mulungu pa zimenezi.Pomaliza timuphunzitse kugwiritsa nchito madua; imeneyo ndi geni (business) ya phindu kwa kapolo ( wa Mulungu) nthawi zonse (52).

ZIPANGIZO ZOPHUNZITSIRA (za maphunziro)

Zina mwa zipangizo zophunzitsira zomwe zimathandizira kudzala chikhulupiliro mu mtima wa mwana ndi izi:

Kukhala ndi chitsanzo chabwino; chitsanzo chabwino chimatengedwa kuti ndi imodzimwanjira zikulu zikulu komanso zofunikira popereka zotsatira, kumeneko ndiye kuyika chizindikiro chakuya mwa mwanayo, ndipo mtumiki (saw) ananenetsa kwambiri kufunikira kwa chitsanzo chabwino mu umoyo wa mwana, monga momwe tikumvera kuchokera muhadith yomwe anailandira Abdulllah bun Aamir (r.a) iye adati: anandiyitana mayi anga tsiku lina pomwe mtumiki (saw) anali limodzi ndi ife, mayiwo anati ee! iwe Abdullah tabwera ndikupatse china chake ndiye mtumiki anati: “Mukufuna mumpatse chiyani?” mzimayi anati ndimafuna ndimpatse tende, ndiye mtumiki anati: “koma mukapanda kumpatsa kathu mulembedwa kuti mwanama” (Abu Daud-4991). Muhadith ina iye anati “yemwe angamuitane mwana kuti iwe tabwera ndikupatse ichi kenako ndiye osampatsa ndiye kuti wanama” (Ahmad -9724), chitsanzo chabwino ndinjira yopambana komanso yothandiza..
Ulaliki woona; ulaliki ungathe kuperekedwa munjira zingapo, kutheka kuperekedwa munjira ya chindunji yomwe ili ya chizolowezi,kuthekanso kupereka kudzera mukupereka zitsanzo, kapena kupereka ulalikiwo mkati mwakankhani, kapena kudzera munjira yakukambirana, ndizina zotero, kotero tikuyenera kumusankhira mwanayo mtundu wa ulaliki womwe siungamutopetse (53).
Kumunyengelera ndi kumuopseza; mukuyankhula kwina : “njira ya malipiro abwino ndi chilango”, ndipo iyi imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zapamwamba zomwe nzeru zimakhuzidwa nazo mwa changu, chifukwa zimakhudza mwa chindunji muchibadwa cha munthu chomwe analengedwa nacho, chibadwa chakukonda kupeza phindu, ndikudana ndi mavuto ndikuyesa kuzitchinga zoipazo pa iwo, koma zimenezi zikufunikira kuchitika mwachangamu komanso mwachoonadi mopanda kuonjezera kapena kupungura, mtima wa mwana ndi wofewa kwambiri, choncho sizimafunika kumuopseza; chifukwa mtima utha kulandira zinthu zosiyana,pamenepa pazafunika kuchulutsa mbali yomulimbikitsa ndi kumunyengelera, mu msinkhu umeneu mwana amafunikira kumunyengelera osati kumuopseza ayi (54).
Kumuphunzitsa (training) ndi kumuzoloweretsa kupanga panga zinthu zomwe waphunzira (practice); kumudzoloweretsa mwana kutiazikhala ndichidwi chomusangalatsa Mulungu ndikumuopa Mulungu ndi kumuchitira manyazi, ndi kumudalira iye nthawi zonse, ndikuona kuti chilichonse chili m’manja mwa Mulungu; zonsezi zimampatsa mwana mphamvu ndi kulimba pamayesero ena alionse, komanso chimapereka chisangalaro ndichikhulupiliro zomwe zingadekhetse mtima wake ndi kuuika mtima wakewo kukhala pa mtendere.
Kubwereza bwereza; iyi ndi njira imene ngakhale maphunziro apano ndi lutha lomwe linachitikakumbuyoku(experience) zimalimbikitsa kufunikira kwake pamaphunziro komanso pokhazikitsa maphunziro mwa munthu (55).
Kukambirana; kukambirana ndi mwana kumakulitsa kumvetsa kwake ndikutsegulira ngodya zosiyanasiyana za maphunziro, koma pakufunika kulemekeza nzeru zamwana ndimwanayo, ndikumamumvetsera bwino lomwe ndikumakambirana naye mwabata, ndicholinga choti kukambirana kukwanilitse mgwirizano wopambana ndi waphindu. Kudzera mukuteromo, kumuphunzitsa mwanayo ndi kumuongolera kumatheka (56).
Buku; kotero ndizofunika kwambiri kuti papezeke nyumba yowerengeramo ma buku (library) yokonzedwa bwino molingana ndi zofuna za mwana pa maphunziro, pachikhalidwe ndi pa chikhulupiliro, ndipo ndibwino kuti ikhale laibulaleyo yamitundu yosiyana siyana – monga yomvelera, yoonera ndi yamanambala-, zofunikanso kwambiri kuti mu ma laibulale amenewa mukhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya timkhani; chifukwa nkhani ndi njira yophunzitsira, yaphindu komanso yofunikira (57),ndipo kudzera mumbiri ya mtumiki ndi maphunziro ake (sirah) muli tinkhani tokhala ndi cholinga, taphindu komanso tabwino.
Sayansi ngati njira yatsopano yophunzitsira; iyi ndi njira yatsopano yomwe imathandizira kufalitsira maganizo, kuwayandikitsira komanso kuwakhazikitsira pa mwanayo; kuti athe kuwamvetsa ndikuwazindikira matanthauzo ake, chifukwa chamaganizo ndi mapata amenewa maphunziro amakhala akuperekedwa munjira yooneka komanso mmitundu yachikoka yomwe imapangitsa mwanayo kuti asachokepo ndi kuchilandila ndi mtima wonse.
Chikoka chachibadwa mwa iye; mwa mwana muli zikoka zosiyansiyana zomwe zingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito,zina mwaizo ndi izi: kusewera, kuthandizana ndi zina zotero, kudzera mumasewero amwana, mwanayo amatha kudziwa dzikoli ndi zimene zamuzungulira, ndi kufotokoza za m’mene akuonera ndikudziwira dzikoli. Ndiye nzotheka kugwiritsa ntchito pomufotokozera mwana uja matanthauzo oona okhudza umoyo podzala chikhalidwe mu mtima wa mwana , zimenezo zingachitike pogwiritsa ntchito njira yophweka komanso yoyenerera, monga: kuonerera, kupeza phindu pa zochitika zikachitika pochenjeza ndi kumuongolera mwana(58),ndithu zimasiya mwa iye zotsatira zamphavu.
Dua (kumupempha Allah); ndi chizindikiro cha kuonetsa umphawi ndi ukapolo pa mbuye wake ndi kuti iye akufunikira thandizo lochokera kwa Allah ndi kulakalaka ma ubwino a Allah, moti Allah analimbikitsa akapolo ake kuti azimupepha iye ndipo anawalonjeza kuti adzawayankha, Allah wapamwamba akunena kuti: “Ndipo mbuye wanu wanena kuti:ndipempheni ndipo ndikuyankhani”. (Surat Ghaafir: 60).
Ndipo Dua ndi chida chachikulu cha mphunzitsi chopezera zolinga zake pa maphunziro, icho ndi chida chomwe amachigwiritsa ntchito aphunzitsi akulu akulu kwambiri omwe ndi atumiki a Mulungu (madalitso ndi mtendere za Mulungu zipite kwa iwo) ndi cholinga choti akhazikike pachikhulupiliro ndi pa tauhid’ Allah akunena kuti “Ndipo kumbukirani pamene Ibrahim adanena kuti: oh! mbuye wanga uchiteni mzinda uwu (wamakkah) kukhala wa mtendere: ndipo nditalikitseni ine ndi ana anga kumachitidwe opembedza mafano”. (Surat Ibrahim: 35). Choncho pempho (Dua) yamwana ndichimodzi mwazizindikiro zikulu zikulu zosonyeza kuti mwanayo analeledwa bwino.
Kuyesera ndikutsatiza; mwana mwachibadwa chake amakonda kuyesera zinthu, choncho apatsidwe mpata mwachitsanzo wotsogolera pa mzikiti, azipempheretsa ndi kuwerenga Quru’an, azipanga khutubah, aziyimandikumalankhula, kapena akhale mphunzitsi ndiye aziphunzitsa ndikumafotokozera, ndi zina zotero, zimenezi zimakhazikika kwa mwanayo matanthauzo, ndipo amasunga ulemerero wazithu zimenezi.

ZOMUYENEREZA KUTI AKHALE MPHUNZITSI

Kukhala wa chifundo ndi kuleza mtima; maphunziro sapereka zipatso zabwino akapanda kulumikizana ndi kuleza mtima, mpaka mitima itakhala ndi chisoni, taonani swahaba uyu Aqra’u bun Habisi atamuona mtumiki (saw) akumukisa Hassan ndi Hussein ndipo Aqra’u analankhula kuti: ndithu ndithu ine ndili ndi ana khumi (10) ndipo sindinamukisepo angakhale m’modzi mwaiwo, ndipo mtumiki anati “ Yemwe sachitira chifundo ena nayeso samachitilidwa chifundo” (Bukhar -5997), analankhulanso mtumiki (saw) kuti: “ Anthu achifundo Allah amawachitiranso chifundo, choncho chitirani chifundo zolengedwa zadziko lapansi, akuchitirani chifundo yemwe ali kumwamba (Allah)”. (Abu Daudu-4941).
Kuleza ndi kukhululuka; mtumiki (saw) anafika nalo pamwamba khalidwe limeneli, monga hadith imene anailandira Anasi mwana wa Maliki (r.a) akunena kuti: “tsiku lina ndikuyenda ndi mtumiki (saw) atavala chovala chomwe chinapangidwa Kunajirani chokhuthala mmbali mwake, ndiye kunadzabwera munthu wachimidzimidzi namukoka mtumiki chovala chake chija mwamphamvu mpaka ndinaona phewa la mtumiki (saw) litakalidwa ndi kolala la mkanjowo chifukwa chakukoka mwamphamvu, kenako ananena kuti Ee!, iwe Muhammad talamula kuti ndipatsidwe ineyo gawo lachuma cha Mulungu chomwe ukusunga, ndiye mtumiki anamutembenukira iye naseka, kenako analamula ophunzira ake kuti amupatse iye chumacho”. (Bukhar -5809).
Mwazinaso zimene zikulumikizana ndi kuleza ndi kukhululuka, Mulungu akunena kuti: “ Gwiritsa kukhululuka (kukhala ndi khalidwe lokhululuka) ndipo lamulira zabwinondi kudzipatula (kuzochita) zaumbuli” (Surat Al Araf: 199), ndiye pofuna kuti kuleza mtima kukhale koona; mtumiki (saw) analimbikitsa kuti anthu asamapse mtima ndipo analetsa, muhadith yoona adati: Munthu wina wake anamupempha mtumiki kuti :”ndilangize” ndiye mtumiki (saw) anati: “Osapsa mtima ; ndipo (mtumikiyo) anabwereza mau amenewa kambiri mbiri, kenako anamuuzanso kuti :“osapsa mtima”. (Bukhar -6116).
Kupilira; mphunzitsi akufunika azipilira ndipo asamapupulume pamene akuphunzitsa ana ake ndipo mphunzitsi asafulumizitse kuti aone zotsatira ndikupeza mwachangu zimene zikufunikira, moti mpaka kuyamba kutaya mtima ndikumaona ngati akulephera kukwanilitsa ayi, ndiye mphunzitsi akakhala wosapilira; alingati munthu wapaulendo yemwe alibe kamba.
Chilungamo; chifukwa iye (mphunzitsi) akamasiyanitsa pakati pa ophunzira popanda chifukwa chomveka kutenga mbali komanso kulowelera kwa ana mu phunzirolo kumachepa, kupondereza pachili chonse ndi chithu chochititsa manyazi.
Kukhulupilika; mphunzitsi akuyenera kukhala wokhulupilika ndi wonena zoona pa ophunzira ake, ndipo kukhulupilika ndimbiri ya atumiki omwe amadzafalitsa uthenga wa Mulungu, ndipo ndichofunikira chachikulu pofuna kukonza ndi kulongosola ntchito komanso pofuna kupeza zolinga zake ndi kupambana kwake.
Kusamala malamulo amulungu (kumuopa Mulungu); chifukwa yemwe angasamale malamulo a Mulungu; Mulungu amampatsaiye kuthekera komwe samayembekezera, kusamala malamulo a Mulungu kumayendera limodzi ndikuthekera kochokera kwa Mulungu ndi ubwino ndi kupambana konse padziko lapansi pano ndi ku umoyo umene uli nkudza.
Kuyeretsa ntchito (kupanga mapemphero ndicholinga chosangalatsa Mulungu yekha); chifukwa ntchito ikakhala yosachitira Mulungu yekha idzabwezedwa kwa mwini wakeyo, kutanthauza kuti sadzalandira malipiro abwino kwa Mulungu ndipo sadzapeza chilichonse mu ntchito yakeyo kupatula minyama ndi kutopa.
Maphunziro; chifukwa yemwe waphunzira amadziwa zomwe zikufunika (kuchitakuti zimuthandize) panopa ndi mtsogolo mwake, pomwe ena amaononga zapanopa ndikuyipitsanso mathero ake.
Luntha (kuchiyika chithu m’malo ake); mphunzitsi akamaika chithu malo ake, ndithu zimenezi zimabweretsa zipatso zabwino, komanso maphunziro akewo amabala zipatso, ntchito yaikulu ya mphunzitsi ndiyo kulowa mu mtima wa mwana ndikuugwiritsa ntchito pomuongolera ndi kumuphunzitsa zabwino.
Kuikhulupilira ntchito ya maphunziro; ndithu maphunziro ndi mphatso ya mtengo wa patali ya umoyo komanso uzimu, ndipo amene sakhulupilira ntchito ya maphunziro sangakwanitse kupereka mphatso ya pamwamba imeneyi (59).
Kupititsa patsogolo; mphunzitsi aziyikira mtima popititsa patsogolokuthekera kumene kuli mwa mwanayo kuti afike pa mlingo womwe ungapangitse kuti akwanilitse udindo wake pa maphunziro.